Gingivitis
Gingivitis is superficial inflammation of the gingiva without destruction of the periodontal ligament or bone, which distinguishes it from periodontitis. Pregnancy-related gingivitis affects 25-75% of pregnant women and likely occurs because immunosuppression and hormonal changes alter the body's response to bacterial plaque.
Symptoms
- Mild gum swelling
- Tenderness
- Erythema
- Bleeding gums when brushing
- Typically identified in the second month and peaks in the eighth month
Etiology
- Plaque buildup from poor oral hygiene triggers gingival inflammation.
- Changes in hormone levels as a result of puberty, pregnancy, and diabetes can magnify the gingival response to plaque, resulting in increased gingivitis.
- During the second trimester, there is a shift from predominant periodontal pathogens to destructive anaerobes, which frequently results in gingival inflammation.
- Decrease in cellular immunity during pregnancy exacerbates this process.
Preventive Measures & Treatment
- Maintaining excellent oral hygiene through frequent brushing and flossing.
- Regular dental visits to monitor oral hygiene and to reinforce appropriate home care.
Mild Gingivitis
Judith Skelton, MEd, PhD
Moderately Severe Gingivitis
John McDowell, DDS
References
Barak S, Oettinger-Barak O, Oettinger M, Machtei EB, Peled M, Ohel G. Common oral manifestations during pregnancy: A review. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 2003;58(9):624-628.
Boggess KA. Maternal Oral Health in Pregnancy. Obstet and Gynecol. 2008; 111(4):976-986.